Genocide Past and Present ---- As we write this zine, we are in the
midst of a genocide happening in Palestine and we are already mourning
the deaths of over 33,700 Palestinians with close to half of them being
children. The International Court of Justice found it plausible that
Israel's acts could amount to genocide.1 Israeli officials are calling
Palestinian people "animals"2, a rhetoric that serves to justify the
ongoing atrocities against the Palestinian people. This dehumanizing
language echoes the historical suffering experienced by their own
community, signaling a deeply rooted issue in the structure of our
societies that should raise the alarm for everyone. It is evident that
none of the existing national and international institutions and
organizations are capable of preventing or halting wars and genocides.
Raphael Lemkin coined the term "genocide" in 1944 during World War II to
describe the systematic and deliberate extermination of national,
racial, or cultural groups within Nazi-occupied Europe. He sought a new
term that could capture the unique horror of the deliberate
extermination of entire peoples and went on to combine "genos" (Greek
for family, tribe, or race) and "-cide" (from the Latin "caedere" for to
kill), thus creating the term "genocide."3 However, genocides neither
started with the Nazis nor stopped after them.
* Between 1492 and 1900: The genocide of the Indigenous peoples of
Western Hemisphere by settler colonialists from Europe involved
widespread massacres, forced relocations, cultural assimilation
policies, and the introduction of diseases. An estimated death toll
based on only the current U.S. geographical boundaries is around 12
million people4, and more across the continents of Turtle Island and
Abya Yala.
* During World War I, as the Ottoman empire was disintegrating, the
newly created Turkish government, seeking to consolidate power and
create a more homogenous nation-state, targeted the Armenian population
and other Christian minorities for extermination. Between 1915 and 1923,
approximately 1.5 million people were systematically exterminated
through forced marches, mass executions, and starvation.5
* In August 1945, during the final weeks of Second World War, the U.S.
orchestrated a catastrophic and historic act by deploying atomic bombs
on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This unprecedented
attack marked the first use of nuclear weapons in warfare and resulted
in the mass extermination of over 200,000 people.
* During the early 1990s, Serbian forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
supported by the Serbian state government and nationalist factions
aiming to create an ethnically homogenized "Greater Serbia," engaged in
a systematic campaign of aggression against Bosnian Muslims that
resulted in the mass murder of around 100,000 people and displacement of
over 2 million people.6
* During the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, the Hutu-led government and
extremist militias killed an estimated 800,000 to 1 million people over
a span of 100 days. The primary victims were the Tutsis, a minority
ethnic group in Rwanda, who had historically been favored for
administrative roles and educational opportunities under Belgian
colonial rule. Moderate Hutus, the major ethnic group in Rwanda, who
opposed the genocidal actions, were also targeted in this brutal campaign.7
The historical events mentioned represent just a fraction of the
countless lives lost, individuals injured, and communities displaced
throughout our history marred by genocides. The Genocide Convention
adopted by United Nations in 1948 declares genocide a crime under
international law, but it has been unable to prevent further genocides.
The post-holocaust promise of "Never Again" has turned out to be both
trite and toothless. It is evident that our existing societal frameworks
have failed to avert conflict and the continuing loss of life,
underscoring the urgent need for structural change. To break this
relentless cycle of violence and prevent history from repeating itself,
it is imperative that we grasp the underlying forces and mechanisms of
the State which have driven these persistent conflicts. Only then can we
identify effective strategies to halt this cycle and foster a world
where peace and prosperity are accessible to everyone. We must abolish
the State.
State: The Invisible Monster of Destruction
Wars and genocides continue to plague our world because Empires and
States continue to exist. The State holds a monopoly on violence,
claiming the exclusive right to exert force. This principle is a deeply
ingrained structure within our societies, where the State grants itself
the authority to inflict violence. However, we must challenge and refuse
to accept this justification as the norm. Violence enacted by one state
against another may constitute acts of war, but it's deemed acceptable
in the international community of nation-states as long as it does not
contravene international human rights laws. Individual acts of murder
are rightfully considered unethical, whereas soldiers are allowed to
kill people in the name of their state. State apparatuses are tools for
organizing violence in order to dominate extraction of resources,
wealth, surplus, or revenue, and to carry out ideological or theological
missions, which in turn justify the further extraction of resources.
Case in point, the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 resulted in over
300,000 civilian deaths. Initially justified by false claims of Iraq's
possession of weapons of mass destruction and its ties to terrorism, the
invasion served as a strategic move, albeit a failed one, to establish
military bases and access Iraqi energy resources. When the initial
claims that the U.S. used to justify the invasion of Iraq proved to be
false, the narrative of bringing democracy and freedom became a central
justification for the intervention.
How do nation-states uphold their monopoly on violence? States deploy
several critical mechanisms to perpetuate their existence, which lead to
a cycle of recurring acts of violence. The primary means by which states
achieve domination over their citizens and territories is through
hierarchical power structures. These structures are inherently
oppressive and exploitative, concentrating power in the hands of a few
and consequently leading to the subjugation and marginalization of the
majority. The concentration and centralization of power creates a
structure that allows those in positions of authority within the
nation-state to make unilateral decisions, which, among other results,
lead to wars and genocides.
The bureaucratic and impersonal nature of the state means that
decisions, including those leading to war, are made within a system that
distances decision-makers from the human consequences of their actions.
This can desensitize those in power to the violence and suffering caused
by war. The few who hold power do not personally engage in aerial
bombings or ground combat. The military follows the orders issued by
those in power, directly executing wars and genocides. There are 1.4
million active personnel in the U.S. military.8 Some of them have been
deployed, some have been in combat, and many have been serving in
administrative or other "non-combat" support positions; but all of them
support the oppressive state power through their participation and many
also experience the state's oppressive nature firsthand.9 In 2019, the
overwhelming majority of individuals enlisting in the U.S. military were
between the ages of 17 and 20.10 Fresh out of school, navigating through
the pressures of capitalism, and having spent years under the influence
of the state's machinery of manipulation, young people join oppressive
state institutions such as the military or police force.
States justify their violence through the carefully designed education
system, media, and cultural narratives that glorify nationalism and
demonize the "other." The narrative of self-defense against an
inherently violent or deceitful enemy absolves the state and its actors
of the moral weight of their actions, allowing for atrocities to be
committed under the guise of national security. States have managed to
instill in many people a deceptive sense of unity and superiority that
rationalizes oppression, harm, and - in the worst case - the
extermination of "others." Through the cultivation of a national
identity that is under constant threat, states create a psychological
environment where people feel perpetually besieged, making the
justification of violence seem necessary for survival. Borders further
reinforce the notion of separation that leads to exclusionary practices
and identities. This environment is not a natural state of affairs but a
carefully constructed reality by the nation-state to maintain its grip
on power. By shaping public opinion, the state legitimizes its authority
and discourages and punishes resistance. The Israeli citizens who refuse
to serve in the army are imprisoned by the state of Israel.11 Activists
and protesters opposing the "Cop City" project in the Weelaunee Forest
in Atlanta are facing racketeering charges for their defense of the
ancient forest and the opposition of building the biggest yet training
facility for militarization of the police.12 The use of surveillance and
policing allows the state to monitor and control, preventing and
quelling dissent. This includes the use of police forces to enforce laws
and state authority, as well as intelligence agencies to surveil
potential threats to the state's power.13
Governments change, and their leaders rise and fall, yet the state
endures. The state, as a political construct, acts as an insidious
force, an invisible monster, consuming everything in its path -
devastating the environment, humanity, and our inherent dignity. The
main characteristic of the state that makes it so destructive is the
centralization of power and the institutional dynamics of governance.
Many overlook, or are ignorant or misled about, this fundamental flaw in
the system and instead blame its leaders, believing that electing
ostensibly better representatives could make a difference. History has
consistently demonstrated that the hierarchical structure of power
inherently corrupts or limits even the most well-intentioned leaders.
Conversely, hierarchical power structures enable the most despicable and
dangerous individuals to seize power. Netanyahu and other servants of
the Israeli state have no moral objection to ordering the killing of
thousands of Palestinian children, leaving thousands more orphaned,
forcing them to experience the shock of the war, traumatizing them for
life, leaving them hungry, scared, and alone. This reality alone is
enough of a reason to fight for abolishing the state and creating
societal structures where such horrific things will never happen again!
Coming Together to Create a Peaceful World
The global reaction to the genocide in Gaza - with thousands of
demonstrations worldwide and hundreds of millions of people across the
globe opposing the war and the genocide - indicates that humanity is
there; it has always been there. There is a global demand for peace, and
the vast majority of people oppose the general idea of a war. Wars and
genocides are possible only due to centralized authority that can exert
power to mobilize armies and pursue wars. So, what do we do to build a
peaceful society where wars and genocides become simply impossible, and
where everyone can thrive and is taken care of? Before abolishing any
state, which seems like a natural step to get rid of centralized power,
we first need to learn how to live without a state and according to the
principles of the future society we wish to create. We need to practice,
experiment, and learn how to live in a society based on equality, direct
democracy, freedom of mind and freedom of the body, horizontalism,
individual autonomy, mutual aid, self-management, and voluntary
associations. The methods used to achieve the change we want to see need
to be consistent with the goals of that change. In the here and now we
need to build local alternatives to existing structures that operate on
those principles, where decisions are made collectively by the community
members themselves, rather than by a distant and unaccountable
leadership. This ensures that the motivations for war would be either
absent or directly challenged and stopped by the people. To bring change
and create the society we envision, we must come close to each other,
get to know each other, plan collectively, and act accordingly. We need
to draw closer to others and restore the sense of community that enables
mutual reliance. By actively engaging in the decision-making process,
forming or participating in neighborhood collectives and grassroots
organizations, establishing community gardens, joining local anarchist
groups or starting new ones where none exist, we reaffirm our communal
bonds and get closer to our ultimate goal. We need to educate ourselves
and others, engage in dialogue, and choose methods of action that
resonate with us personally. We must counteract the alienation produced
by the state and capitalism with a vision of a community where everyone
is taken care of.
Through mutual aid and mutual support, where individuals and communities
support each other in the spirit of cooperation and solidarity, rather
than competition and conflict, we aim to build relationships between
communities that are more humane and resistant to the escalation of
conflicts into violence. Smaller, self-managed communities with a high
degree of autonomy and cooperation teach us how to interact with each
other and diminish the likelihood of large-scale wars. Without
hierarchical structures, conflicts within and between communities can be
approached with non-coercive and voluntary means of resolution. The
emphasis on dialogue, consensus, and restorative and transformative
practices aims to address the root causes of conflicts without resorting
to violence and a punitive system. The competitive and exploitative
nature of capitalism that leads to conflicts and wars will be
substituted by cooperation and communal ownership, where humans will
have the freedom to explore and create, driven by their own initiative.
Together, in solidarity, we can create that world, a world where all
voices are heard - a peaceful world where we are truly free, proud to
live in, and share with others.
FOOTNOTES
1 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2024,
January 31). Gaza: ICJ ruling offers hope for protection of civilians
enduring apocalyptic conditions, say UN experts. OHCHR.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/gaza-icj-ruling-offers-hope-protection-civilians-enduring-apocalyptic
2 Reuters (2023, October). UN committee voices concern about rising
Israeli hate speech against Palestinians.
https://www.reuters.com/world/un-committee-voices-concern-about-rising-israeli-hate-speech-against-2023-10-27/
3 Lemkin R. & Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Division of
International Law. (1944). Axis rule in occupied Europe: laws of
occupation analysis of government proposals for redress. Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace Division of International Law.
4 Thornton, R. (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A
Population History since 1492. University of Oklahoma Press.
5 Akçam, T. (2006). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the
Question of Turkish Responsibility. Metropolitan Books.
6 Silber, L., & Little, A. (1997). Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation.
Penguin Books.
7 Gourevitch, P. (1998). We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be
Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
8 Statista. (2023, November). U.S. military force numbers, by service
branch and reserve component.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/232330/us-military-force-numbers-by-service-branch-and-reserve-component/
9 Institute of Anarchist Studies (2016, January). Breaking the Chains of
Command: Anarchist Veterans of the US Military.
https://anarchiststudies.org/breaking-the-chains-of-command-anarchist-veterans-of-the-us-military-by-brad-thomson/
10 Center for Naval Analyses (2019). Population Representation in the
Military Services: Fiscal Year 2019 Summary Report.
https://www.cna.org/pop-rep/2019/summary/summary.pdf
11 Al Jazeera (2023, December). Who are the Israeli refuseniks picking
jail over the Gaza war?
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/27/who-are-the-israeli-refuseniks-picking-jail-over-the-gaza-war
12 CrimethInc. (2023, September). Understanding the RICO Charges in
Atlanta.
https://crimethinc.com/2023/09/05/understanding-the-rico-charges-in-atlanta-a-sweeping-indictment-seeks-to-criminalize-protest-itself
13 Knock LA. (2023, November). LAPD Is Using Israeli Surveillance
Software That Can Track Your Phone and Social Media.
https://knock-la.com/lapd-is-using-israeli-surveillance-software-that-can-track-your-phone-and-social-media/
----------------------------------------------
New zine from the MACC Information and Outreach Project (MIOP)
https://macc.nyc/img/anti-war-zine-April_2024_print-ready.pdf
© 2024 MACC NYC
The Metropolitan Anarchist Coordinating Council (MACC) is an
organization based on the guiding principles of horizontalism,
anti-oppression, mutual aid, direct democracy, and direct action. We
seek to strengthen and support New York City's anarchist movement
through coordination of existing and emerging projects.
https://macc.nyc/
_________________________________________
A - I N F O S N E W S S E R V I C E
By, For, and About Anarchists
Send news reports to A-infos-en mailing list
A-infos-en@ainfos.ca
midst of a genocide happening in Palestine and we are already mourning
the deaths of over 33,700 Palestinians with close to half of them being
children. The International Court of Justice found it plausible that
Israel's acts could amount to genocide.1 Israeli officials are calling
Palestinian people "animals"2, a rhetoric that serves to justify the
ongoing atrocities against the Palestinian people. This dehumanizing
language echoes the historical suffering experienced by their own
community, signaling a deeply rooted issue in the structure of our
societies that should raise the alarm for everyone. It is evident that
none of the existing national and international institutions and
organizations are capable of preventing or halting wars and genocides.
Raphael Lemkin coined the term "genocide" in 1944 during World War II to
describe the systematic and deliberate extermination of national,
racial, or cultural groups within Nazi-occupied Europe. He sought a new
term that could capture the unique horror of the deliberate
extermination of entire peoples and went on to combine "genos" (Greek
for family, tribe, or race) and "-cide" (from the Latin "caedere" for to
kill), thus creating the term "genocide."3 However, genocides neither
started with the Nazis nor stopped after them.
* Between 1492 and 1900: The genocide of the Indigenous peoples of
Western Hemisphere by settler colonialists from Europe involved
widespread massacres, forced relocations, cultural assimilation
policies, and the introduction of diseases. An estimated death toll
based on only the current U.S. geographical boundaries is around 12
million people4, and more across the continents of Turtle Island and
Abya Yala.
* During World War I, as the Ottoman empire was disintegrating, the
newly created Turkish government, seeking to consolidate power and
create a more homogenous nation-state, targeted the Armenian population
and other Christian minorities for extermination. Between 1915 and 1923,
approximately 1.5 million people were systematically exterminated
through forced marches, mass executions, and starvation.5
* In August 1945, during the final weeks of Second World War, the U.S.
orchestrated a catastrophic and historic act by deploying atomic bombs
on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This unprecedented
attack marked the first use of nuclear weapons in warfare and resulted
in the mass extermination of over 200,000 people.
* During the early 1990s, Serbian forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
supported by the Serbian state government and nationalist factions
aiming to create an ethnically homogenized "Greater Serbia," engaged in
a systematic campaign of aggression against Bosnian Muslims that
resulted in the mass murder of around 100,000 people and displacement of
over 2 million people.6
* During the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, the Hutu-led government and
extremist militias killed an estimated 800,000 to 1 million people over
a span of 100 days. The primary victims were the Tutsis, a minority
ethnic group in Rwanda, who had historically been favored for
administrative roles and educational opportunities under Belgian
colonial rule. Moderate Hutus, the major ethnic group in Rwanda, who
opposed the genocidal actions, were also targeted in this brutal campaign.7
The historical events mentioned represent just a fraction of the
countless lives lost, individuals injured, and communities displaced
throughout our history marred by genocides. The Genocide Convention
adopted by United Nations in 1948 declares genocide a crime under
international law, but it has been unable to prevent further genocides.
The post-holocaust promise of "Never Again" has turned out to be both
trite and toothless. It is evident that our existing societal frameworks
have failed to avert conflict and the continuing loss of life,
underscoring the urgent need for structural change. To break this
relentless cycle of violence and prevent history from repeating itself,
it is imperative that we grasp the underlying forces and mechanisms of
the State which have driven these persistent conflicts. Only then can we
identify effective strategies to halt this cycle and foster a world
where peace and prosperity are accessible to everyone. We must abolish
the State.
State: The Invisible Monster of Destruction
Wars and genocides continue to plague our world because Empires and
States continue to exist. The State holds a monopoly on violence,
claiming the exclusive right to exert force. This principle is a deeply
ingrained structure within our societies, where the State grants itself
the authority to inflict violence. However, we must challenge and refuse
to accept this justification as the norm. Violence enacted by one state
against another may constitute acts of war, but it's deemed acceptable
in the international community of nation-states as long as it does not
contravene international human rights laws. Individual acts of murder
are rightfully considered unethical, whereas soldiers are allowed to
kill people in the name of their state. State apparatuses are tools for
organizing violence in order to dominate extraction of resources,
wealth, surplus, or revenue, and to carry out ideological or theological
missions, which in turn justify the further extraction of resources.
Case in point, the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 resulted in over
300,000 civilian deaths. Initially justified by false claims of Iraq's
possession of weapons of mass destruction and its ties to terrorism, the
invasion served as a strategic move, albeit a failed one, to establish
military bases and access Iraqi energy resources. When the initial
claims that the U.S. used to justify the invasion of Iraq proved to be
false, the narrative of bringing democracy and freedom became a central
justification for the intervention.
How do nation-states uphold their monopoly on violence? States deploy
several critical mechanisms to perpetuate their existence, which lead to
a cycle of recurring acts of violence. The primary means by which states
achieve domination over their citizens and territories is through
hierarchical power structures. These structures are inherently
oppressive and exploitative, concentrating power in the hands of a few
and consequently leading to the subjugation and marginalization of the
majority. The concentration and centralization of power creates a
structure that allows those in positions of authority within the
nation-state to make unilateral decisions, which, among other results,
lead to wars and genocides.
The bureaucratic and impersonal nature of the state means that
decisions, including those leading to war, are made within a system that
distances decision-makers from the human consequences of their actions.
This can desensitize those in power to the violence and suffering caused
by war. The few who hold power do not personally engage in aerial
bombings or ground combat. The military follows the orders issued by
those in power, directly executing wars and genocides. There are 1.4
million active personnel in the U.S. military.8 Some of them have been
deployed, some have been in combat, and many have been serving in
administrative or other "non-combat" support positions; but all of them
support the oppressive state power through their participation and many
also experience the state's oppressive nature firsthand.9 In 2019, the
overwhelming majority of individuals enlisting in the U.S. military were
between the ages of 17 and 20.10 Fresh out of school, navigating through
the pressures of capitalism, and having spent years under the influence
of the state's machinery of manipulation, young people join oppressive
state institutions such as the military or police force.
States justify their violence through the carefully designed education
system, media, and cultural narratives that glorify nationalism and
demonize the "other." The narrative of self-defense against an
inherently violent or deceitful enemy absolves the state and its actors
of the moral weight of their actions, allowing for atrocities to be
committed under the guise of national security. States have managed to
instill in many people a deceptive sense of unity and superiority that
rationalizes oppression, harm, and - in the worst case - the
extermination of "others." Through the cultivation of a national
identity that is under constant threat, states create a psychological
environment where people feel perpetually besieged, making the
justification of violence seem necessary for survival. Borders further
reinforce the notion of separation that leads to exclusionary practices
and identities. This environment is not a natural state of affairs but a
carefully constructed reality by the nation-state to maintain its grip
on power. By shaping public opinion, the state legitimizes its authority
and discourages and punishes resistance. The Israeli citizens who refuse
to serve in the army are imprisoned by the state of Israel.11 Activists
and protesters opposing the "Cop City" project in the Weelaunee Forest
in Atlanta are facing racketeering charges for their defense of the
ancient forest and the opposition of building the biggest yet training
facility for militarization of the police.12 The use of surveillance and
policing allows the state to monitor and control, preventing and
quelling dissent. This includes the use of police forces to enforce laws
and state authority, as well as intelligence agencies to surveil
potential threats to the state's power.13
Governments change, and their leaders rise and fall, yet the state
endures. The state, as a political construct, acts as an insidious
force, an invisible monster, consuming everything in its path -
devastating the environment, humanity, and our inherent dignity. The
main characteristic of the state that makes it so destructive is the
centralization of power and the institutional dynamics of governance.
Many overlook, or are ignorant or misled about, this fundamental flaw in
the system and instead blame its leaders, believing that electing
ostensibly better representatives could make a difference. History has
consistently demonstrated that the hierarchical structure of power
inherently corrupts or limits even the most well-intentioned leaders.
Conversely, hierarchical power structures enable the most despicable and
dangerous individuals to seize power. Netanyahu and other servants of
the Israeli state have no moral objection to ordering the killing of
thousands of Palestinian children, leaving thousands more orphaned,
forcing them to experience the shock of the war, traumatizing them for
life, leaving them hungry, scared, and alone. This reality alone is
enough of a reason to fight for abolishing the state and creating
societal structures where such horrific things will never happen again!
Coming Together to Create a Peaceful World
The global reaction to the genocide in Gaza - with thousands of
demonstrations worldwide and hundreds of millions of people across the
globe opposing the war and the genocide - indicates that humanity is
there; it has always been there. There is a global demand for peace, and
the vast majority of people oppose the general idea of a war. Wars and
genocides are possible only due to centralized authority that can exert
power to mobilize armies and pursue wars. So, what do we do to build a
peaceful society where wars and genocides become simply impossible, and
where everyone can thrive and is taken care of? Before abolishing any
state, which seems like a natural step to get rid of centralized power,
we first need to learn how to live without a state and according to the
principles of the future society we wish to create. We need to practice,
experiment, and learn how to live in a society based on equality, direct
democracy, freedom of mind and freedom of the body, horizontalism,
individual autonomy, mutual aid, self-management, and voluntary
associations. The methods used to achieve the change we want to see need
to be consistent with the goals of that change. In the here and now we
need to build local alternatives to existing structures that operate on
those principles, where decisions are made collectively by the community
members themselves, rather than by a distant and unaccountable
leadership. This ensures that the motivations for war would be either
absent or directly challenged and stopped by the people. To bring change
and create the society we envision, we must come close to each other,
get to know each other, plan collectively, and act accordingly. We need
to draw closer to others and restore the sense of community that enables
mutual reliance. By actively engaging in the decision-making process,
forming or participating in neighborhood collectives and grassroots
organizations, establishing community gardens, joining local anarchist
groups or starting new ones where none exist, we reaffirm our communal
bonds and get closer to our ultimate goal. We need to educate ourselves
and others, engage in dialogue, and choose methods of action that
resonate with us personally. We must counteract the alienation produced
by the state and capitalism with a vision of a community where everyone
is taken care of.
Through mutual aid and mutual support, where individuals and communities
support each other in the spirit of cooperation and solidarity, rather
than competition and conflict, we aim to build relationships between
communities that are more humane and resistant to the escalation of
conflicts into violence. Smaller, self-managed communities with a high
degree of autonomy and cooperation teach us how to interact with each
other and diminish the likelihood of large-scale wars. Without
hierarchical structures, conflicts within and between communities can be
approached with non-coercive and voluntary means of resolution. The
emphasis on dialogue, consensus, and restorative and transformative
practices aims to address the root causes of conflicts without resorting
to violence and a punitive system. The competitive and exploitative
nature of capitalism that leads to conflicts and wars will be
substituted by cooperation and communal ownership, where humans will
have the freedom to explore and create, driven by their own initiative.
Together, in solidarity, we can create that world, a world where all
voices are heard - a peaceful world where we are truly free, proud to
live in, and share with others.
FOOTNOTES
1 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2024,
January 31). Gaza: ICJ ruling offers hope for protection of civilians
enduring apocalyptic conditions, say UN experts. OHCHR.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/gaza-icj-ruling-offers-hope-protection-civilians-enduring-apocalyptic
2 Reuters (2023, October). UN committee voices concern about rising
Israeli hate speech against Palestinians.
https://www.reuters.com/world/un-committee-voices-concern-about-rising-israeli-hate-speech-against-2023-10-27/
3 Lemkin R. & Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Division of
International Law. (1944). Axis rule in occupied Europe: laws of
occupation analysis of government proposals for redress. Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace Division of International Law.
4 Thornton, R. (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A
Population History since 1492. University of Oklahoma Press.
5 Akçam, T. (2006). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the
Question of Turkish Responsibility. Metropolitan Books.
6 Silber, L., & Little, A. (1997). Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation.
Penguin Books.
7 Gourevitch, P. (1998). We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be
Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
8 Statista. (2023, November). U.S. military force numbers, by service
branch and reserve component.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/232330/us-military-force-numbers-by-service-branch-and-reserve-component/
9 Institute of Anarchist Studies (2016, January). Breaking the Chains of
Command: Anarchist Veterans of the US Military.
https://anarchiststudies.org/breaking-the-chains-of-command-anarchist-veterans-of-the-us-military-by-brad-thomson/
10 Center for Naval Analyses (2019). Population Representation in the
Military Services: Fiscal Year 2019 Summary Report.
https://www.cna.org/pop-rep/2019/summary/summary.pdf
11 Al Jazeera (2023, December). Who are the Israeli refuseniks picking
jail over the Gaza war?
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/27/who-are-the-israeli-refuseniks-picking-jail-over-the-gaza-war
12 CrimethInc. (2023, September). Understanding the RICO Charges in
Atlanta.
https://crimethinc.com/2023/09/05/understanding-the-rico-charges-in-atlanta-a-sweeping-indictment-seeks-to-criminalize-protest-itself
13 Knock LA. (2023, November). LAPD Is Using Israeli Surveillance
Software That Can Track Your Phone and Social Media.
https://knock-la.com/lapd-is-using-israeli-surveillance-software-that-can-track-your-phone-and-social-media/
----------------------------------------------
New zine from the MACC Information and Outreach Project (MIOP)
https://macc.nyc/img/anti-war-zine-April_2024_print-ready.pdf
© 2024 MACC NYC
The Metropolitan Anarchist Coordinating Council (MACC) is an
organization based on the guiding principles of horizontalism,
anti-oppression, mutual aid, direct democracy, and direct action. We
seek to strengthen and support New York City's anarchist movement
through coordination of existing and emerging projects.
https://macc.nyc/
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