"This is an attempt from my humble self to explain the authoritarian
conflict in Sudan from my point of view as an anarchist born in Sudan,drawing from my knowledge of its conflicts. ---- Before British
colonialism, Sudan did not know a unified state but rather consisted of
small states and kingdoms governed by tribal, ethnic, or clan systems,
such as the Kingdom of Wadai, the Nubians, the Nuba Mountains' kingdoms,
and many others. ---- Sudan itself is divided into regions that bear
significant cultural and social differences, making it difficult to
compare with any other state.
The north of Sudan, for example, is inhabited by the remnants of Nubian
kingdoms whose people share cultural ties across the border with Egypt,
extending to Aswan.
In eastern Sudan, you will find the Beja tribes, Beni Amer, and
Hadendowa, who have deep connections with Eritrea and Ethiopia.
Darfur, too, is divided into north and south regions, with significant
cultural and ethnic differences. These areas also have connections with
Chad and the Central African Republic.
The large kingdoms that the colonial powers tried to unite in pursuit of
wealth, given Sudan's riches in gold and fertile lands suitable for
cotton cultivation at the time, remain at the heart of international
disputes over Sudanese resources today. Colonial powers were unable to
assimilate these communities into a single entity; instead, they applied
policies that resulted in the separation of the north and south, as is
still evident today.
All of this shows that, despite the revolutions that sought to expel the
colonizers and unify the Sudanese kingdoms and communities, the tribal
control system has remained dominant and in control to this day. This is
one of the anarchist perspectives we will try to apply to our reality,
aiming to deconstruct it through this lens.
Tribe and State
The tribe is a miniature form of social authority that possesses its own
authoritarian culture and is governed by the authority of a tribal
leader or chief, characterized by a hereditary transfer of leadership in
most cases. It has been and continues to be the main obstacle in
transforming the Sudanese people from a center of tribal conflict,
violence, and immersion in ignorance and backwardness to a better stage.
Colonialism contributed to shaping hostilities between tribes by
distinguishing some from others and arming them, granting them state
authority, which formed complex coalitions of diverse human groups in
even the simplest communal matters.
The transition from tribe to nationhood has not occurred in Sudan,
leaving us at a late stage of self-organizational advancement. Even in
the form of the modern state post-independence in Sudan, tribal systems
and local administrations still control the state in one way or another,
paving the way for the spread of racism, tribal conflicts, and civil wars.
The contemporary problem of Sudan, which is exploited by imperialist
forces to control its strategic location and vast resources, is the
formation of armed movements and militias based on ethnic and racial
grounds in an attempt to divide and fragment the country for easier control.
Today, we find that Sudan has seven armed armies that have started
fighting among themselves, and it is only a matter of time before chaos
engulfs the entire country or it disintegrates. It is essential to
combat the tribal mindset within the people, just as it is important to
fight against nationalist ideas that lead to ongoing civil wars.
To be continued ...
An anarchist from Sudan
https://cnt-ait.info/2024/10/28/tribe-state/
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