Thirty years ago, the genocide of the Tutsis began in Rwanda. This is an
opportunity to return to the colonial context which led to the massacres
and France's responsibility in the events. Today, the after-effects
continue to mark the Great Lakes region, through, among other things,
decades of war in North Kivu... ---- On April 7, 1994, the genocide of
the Tutsis began in Rwanda. In just a hundred days, a million victims
were killed, mainly using machetes, hoes and clubs. The victims are
often massacred by their neighbors, sometimes by their own families.
Thirty years later, it is obvious that this genocide is the result of
Rwanda's colonial history. Over the years, we have also been able to
confirm the role played by the French state, not only in allowing the
massacres to take place, but also in directly helping the genocidaires
to escape justice.
Colonial genesis of a genocide
To understand the events, it is important to go back to the colonial
era, more precisely after the First World War, when the League of
Nations gave Belgium a mandate to administer Ruanda-Urundi, previously
attached to the Germany. Belgium will administratively attach it to the
Belgian Congo in 1925. Quickly, the settlers will seek to ethnicize the
populations, applying European racial theories to Rwandan society.
The population of the Kingdom of Rwanda is grouped into around twenty
family clans, where three socio-economic groups coexist: the Hutus (84%
of the population, mainly farmers), the Tutsis (15% of the population,
mainly breeders, herd owners) and the Twa (1% of the population). They
share the same language, Kinyarwanda, the same customs and religion. But
the colonists will ethnicize these social groups, seeking to attribute
physical and intellectual traits to them. With the support of the
Catholic Church, they also implanted a theory on the origin of these
ethnic groups, the "Hamitic hypothesis", which finds its foundations in
the Bible and the racial theories of the time. It will serve as a basis
for the settlers to consider the Tutsis as superior to the Hutus and
choose to treat them in a privileged manner. In 1931, this
discrimination notably took the form of the establishment of an identity
booklet mentioning ethnicity[1].
Rwanda is part of the African Great Lakes, and shares borders with
Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south and the
Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) to the west.
France and Rwanda: a close relationship
On November 1, 1959, the Rwandan revolution began, which led on the one
hand to the independence of Rwanda in 1962, but also to the first
massacres of Tutsis by Hutu revolutionaries, tensions between the groups
having been stoked by the settlers and the church feeling the rise of
anti-colonial demands. 336,000 Tutsi are forced into exile in
neighboring countries, or half of the country's Tutsi population.
Tensions will continue to escalate. On July 5, 1973, pro-Hutu general
Juvénal Habyarimana took power in a coup d'état, during a period of
heavy persecution against the Tutsis. In 1975 he created the National
Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND) which became the country's
only party. The same year, France, chaired by Giscard d'Estaing, signed
a military cooperation agreement with Rwanda. This will be one of the
first steps in a close relationship.
In 1987, Tutsi exiles in Uganda created the Rwandan Patriotic Front
(RPF), with the aim of preparing for armed struggle against the
Habyarimana dictatorship. On October 1, 1990, the RPF launched an
offensive on northern Rwanda, marking the start of the Rwandan civil war
which pitted the RPF against the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR).
The Rwandan government will immediately seek support from Belgium and
France, both of which are sending troops. If the Belgian troops only
stayed for a few days because of very unfavorable public opinion, the
French soldiers of Operation Noroît remained present for three years,
while numerous massacres of Tutsis took place. As early as October 1990,
Colonel René Galinie raised concerns about a risk of ethnic war, as well
as fears of genocides against the Tutsis. Everything suggests that his
opposition to the government will lead to the blocking of his career[2].
On August 4, 1993, the signing of the Arusha Accords should, in
principle, put an end to the conflict. In reality, it will only be a few
months of calm before the genocide.
A morbid race against time
On April 6, 1994, the Rwandan president's plane was shot down, killing
him instantly, as well as the Burundian president and the ten other
people on board.
If the numerous investigations into this attack have never definitively
established those responsible, the most likely hypothesis remains that
of an assassination orchestrated by members of the MRND and
CDR[3]members of Hutu Power, an extremist movement. pro-Hutu, having
experienced the signing of the Arusha Accords as a betrayal on the part
of President Habyarimana. The attack also serves as a pretext to put
their genocidal plans into practice. Several elements support this
hypothesis, notably the establishment of roadblocks in Kigali even
before the explosion of the plane, or the announcement by Radio des
Milles Collines in the preceding days: "a little thing is planned. This
little thing will continue in the following days...".
From the night of the attack, massacres began. They will last 3 months.
An interim government is put in place, made up of extremists committed
to Hutu Power. The massacres are committed by militias and the army,
often with the support of civilians, following orders methodically
transmitted. The killings were also accompanied by Radio des Milles
Collines which encouraged the massacres and guided them in real time,
transmitting information on the hiding places of the Tutsi. At the same
time, the FPR launched an offensive from the north of the country. For
the genocidaires, it is a morbid race against time: to exterminate as
many Tutsi as possible before the capture of Kigali by the RPF, which
will occur on July 17. On that date, the genocide left more than a
million dead, the vast majority of them Tutsi, as well as thousands of
moderate Hutu.
Overwhelming responsibilities of France
From 1994, France's role was obvious: it was in particular at the
French embassy in Kigali that meetings of Hutu extremists were held
leading to the establishment of the interim government which would
direct the genocide. He was immediately recognized by France, which even
received the new Minister of Foreign Affairs a few weeks later, while
the massacres were underway. The French government also continued to
deliver weapons to the Rwandan state during the genocide.
Thirty years later, despite France's withholding of information which
continues to block access to military archives over the period [4],
numerous investigations have made it possible to further clarify these
responsibilities [5].
On June 22, 1994, France launched Operation Turquoise, with the stated
objective of protecting "threatened populations" in a "safe humanitarian
zone", a mission order which made no mention of the genocide. It is now
established that many of those responsible for the massacres fled Rwanda
towards Zaire (the current Democratic Republic of Congo, or DRC) through
the area controlled by the French army[6]. Over the years it has also
become clear that the French army allowed numerous atrocities to take
place, notably the massacre of Bisesero [7], see that it militarily
supported the FAR against the RPF according to the testimony of soldiers
French who took part in Operation Turquoise [8]. Even today, France
serves as a refuge for Hutu genocidaires[9].
In the DRC, the echoes of the genocide
The genocide had many consequences in the following decades. In Rwanda,
Paul Kagame, former commander within the RPF, is gradually becoming the
strong man of the country, over which he has presided uninterruptedly
since 2000. He exercises autocratic power there, and NGOs such as
Amnesty International have pointed out his exploitation of laws on
genocide to muzzle opposition[10].
The consequences were also felt in Rwanda's neighboring countries. After
the genocide, more than two million Hutus fled Rwanda to Zaire, where
they began to organize and continued to persecute Tutsi communities. The
new Rwandan government will then begin to arm the Zairian Tutsis. In 96,
the Rwandan government supported the Alliance of Democratic Forces for
the Liberation of Congo (AFDL) during the First Congo War, which led to
the fall of dictator Mobutu.
The country becomes the Democratic Republic of Congo, and will be the
scene of uninterrupted wars and clashes for thirty years, particularly
in the east of the country and the North Kivu region. These conflicts
have caused more than six million deaths since 1998 and caused immense
humanitarian disasters.
In recent years, one of the main actors in these conflicts is the March
23 movement, or M23, created with the support of Paul Kagame's
government which continues to support it[11]despite numerous accusations
of massacres and rapes[12]. and recruitment of child soldiers[13]. . The
M23 is mainly made up of Tutsis, and is particularly opposed to the FDLR
[14], an armed group made up of Rwandan Hutu refugees in the DRC[15].
Western imperialism, fuel of post-colonial wars
But the echoes of the genocide are far from being the only reason for
conflicts in the region: they are mainly structured around its immense
mineral wealth, its soils containing large reserves of gold, diamonds,
tin, copper, tungsten and cobalt. Above all, the Kivu region contains 60
to 80% of the world's reserves of Coltan, an ore from which tantalum is
extracted, a very important metal in the manufacture of electronic
devices. These resources are extracted in mines that are more than 70%
privatized, exploited directly or indirectly by large European groups
(notably Glencore and ENRC) and by China.
There is no doubt that maintaining a base in such a strategic region
weighed heavily in the choices made by the various successive French
governments. Alternately supporting President Juvénal Habyarimana, then
the genocidal interim government, France is today trying to normalize
its relations with the government of Paul Kagame: paying lip service to
France's responsibilities in the genocide during a visit in Kigali in
2021, Macron refuses to publicly recognize Rwanda's involvement in the
conflicts in North Kivu. Thirty years after the genocide, imperialism
remains the only compass of the State.
N. Bartosek (UCL Alsace)
Chronology
15th century foundation of the kingdom of Rwanda.
1923 following the First World War, the League of Nations gave Belgium a
mandate to administer Ruanda-Urundi. She will put in place the
ethnicization of Hutus and Tutsis.
November 1, 1959 - September 25, 1961 Rwandan revolution or Hutu
revolution: abolition of the monarchy and establishment of a republic
led by Parmehutu, a pro-Hutu party. The "Red All Saints' Day" in
November 1959 pushed 336,000 Tutsis into exile in neighboring countries
following the massacres.
July 1, 1962 proclamation of the independence of Rwanda.
July 5, 1973 coup d'état by pro-Hutu General Juvénal Habyarimana in a
context of persecution of Tutsis.
1975 signature of military cooperation with France.
October 1, 1990 - August 4, 1993 Rwandan civil war following the
invasion of the north of the country by the RPF from Uganda. Numerous
massacres of Tutsis.
August 4, 1993 signing of the Arusha Accords, ending the war.
April 6, 1994 death of Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana after a
missile downed his plane.
April 7, 1994 assassination of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana, a
moderate Hutu, by the presidential guard; beginning of the systematic
massacre of Tutsis by Hutu militias first in Kigali then in the rest of
the country.
June 22, 1994 launch of Operation Turquoise by France, aimed at
establishing a humanitarian zone in the southwest of the country. The
massacres of Tutsis continue in the area controlled by France, which
lets thousands of genocidaires flee to Zaire.
July 4, 1994 takeover of the capital Kigali by the RPF.
July 17, 1994 the FPR proclaims the end of the war. In a hundred days, a
million people were killed, the vast majority from the Tutsi minority.
More than a million Rwandans who collaborated in the genocide fled to Zaire.
To validate
[1]For more details on the history of the colonization of Rwanda and the
genocide, see the trilogy of articles published by Alternative
libertaire for the ten years of the genocide: "1994, the Rwandan
Genocide", Alternative libertaire, April to June 2004.
[2]"He alerted to the genocide of the Tutsis and was sanctioned: Colonel
Galinié testifies", Mediapart, April 1, 2021.
[3]Coalition for the Defense of the Republic, openly racist and pro-Hutu
Rwandan political party.
[4]"Military archives on Rwanda: despite the promises, the locks have
not been broken", Mediapart, December 19, 2021.
[5]To explore the subject of France's involvement in more depth, we
recommend the excellent file "France complicit in the genocide of the
Tutsis in Rwanda" produced by the Survie association.
[6]"Rwanda: a document proves France's order to let the genocidaires
escape", Mediapart, February 14, 2021.
[7]"Genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda: the investigation into the
Bisesero massacre is relaunched", Mediapart, July 12, 2022.
[8]Guillaume Ancel, "Rwanda, the end of silence", Les Belles Lettres, 2018.
[9]"Rwanda: "Hutu Power" has survived in France", Mediapart, May 18, 2021.
[10]"It is safer to remain silent. The frightening consequences of
Rwanda's laws on "genocidal ideology" and "sectarianism"", Amnesty
International report published in 2010.
[11]"War in the DRC: the UN highlights Rwanda's involvement", Mediapart,
January 19, 2023.
[12]"Human Right Watch accuses M23 rebels of "murders and rapes" in the
DRC", Libération, June 13, 2023.
[13]"Child soldiers in North Kivu, DRC: "For me, it's work. We were
short of money."», Libération, March 18, 2024.
[14]Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda.
[15]On the subject, we recommend the documentary "DRC: M23, the endless
war", produced by Arte
https://www.unioncommunistelibertaire.org/?Genocide-des-Tutsis-au-Rwanda-30-ans-apres-l-ombre-du-genocide
_________________________________________
A - I N F O S N E W S S E R V I C E
By, For, and About Anarchists
Send news reports to A-infos-en mailing list
A-infos-en@ainfos.ca
opportunity to return to the colonial context which led to the massacres
and France's responsibility in the events. Today, the after-effects
continue to mark the Great Lakes region, through, among other things,
decades of war in North Kivu... ---- On April 7, 1994, the genocide of
the Tutsis began in Rwanda. In just a hundred days, a million victims
were killed, mainly using machetes, hoes and clubs. The victims are
often massacred by their neighbors, sometimes by their own families.
Thirty years later, it is obvious that this genocide is the result of
Rwanda's colonial history. Over the years, we have also been able to
confirm the role played by the French state, not only in allowing the
massacres to take place, but also in directly helping the genocidaires
to escape justice.
Colonial genesis of a genocide
To understand the events, it is important to go back to the colonial
era, more precisely after the First World War, when the League of
Nations gave Belgium a mandate to administer Ruanda-Urundi, previously
attached to the Germany. Belgium will administratively attach it to the
Belgian Congo in 1925. Quickly, the settlers will seek to ethnicize the
populations, applying European racial theories to Rwandan society.
The population of the Kingdom of Rwanda is grouped into around twenty
family clans, where three socio-economic groups coexist: the Hutus (84%
of the population, mainly farmers), the Tutsis (15% of the population,
mainly breeders, herd owners) and the Twa (1% of the population). They
share the same language, Kinyarwanda, the same customs and religion. But
the colonists will ethnicize these social groups, seeking to attribute
physical and intellectual traits to them. With the support of the
Catholic Church, they also implanted a theory on the origin of these
ethnic groups, the "Hamitic hypothesis", which finds its foundations in
the Bible and the racial theories of the time. It will serve as a basis
for the settlers to consider the Tutsis as superior to the Hutus and
choose to treat them in a privileged manner. In 1931, this
discrimination notably took the form of the establishment of an identity
booklet mentioning ethnicity[1].
Rwanda is part of the African Great Lakes, and shares borders with
Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south and the
Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) to the west.
France and Rwanda: a close relationship
On November 1, 1959, the Rwandan revolution began, which led on the one
hand to the independence of Rwanda in 1962, but also to the first
massacres of Tutsis by Hutu revolutionaries, tensions between the groups
having been stoked by the settlers and the church feeling the rise of
anti-colonial demands. 336,000 Tutsi are forced into exile in
neighboring countries, or half of the country's Tutsi population.
Tensions will continue to escalate. On July 5, 1973, pro-Hutu general
Juvénal Habyarimana took power in a coup d'état, during a period of
heavy persecution against the Tutsis. In 1975 he created the National
Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND) which became the country's
only party. The same year, France, chaired by Giscard d'Estaing, signed
a military cooperation agreement with Rwanda. This will be one of the
first steps in a close relationship.
In 1987, Tutsi exiles in Uganda created the Rwandan Patriotic Front
(RPF), with the aim of preparing for armed struggle against the
Habyarimana dictatorship. On October 1, 1990, the RPF launched an
offensive on northern Rwanda, marking the start of the Rwandan civil war
which pitted the RPF against the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR).
The Rwandan government will immediately seek support from Belgium and
France, both of which are sending troops. If the Belgian troops only
stayed for a few days because of very unfavorable public opinion, the
French soldiers of Operation Noroît remained present for three years,
while numerous massacres of Tutsis took place. As early as October 1990,
Colonel René Galinie raised concerns about a risk of ethnic war, as well
as fears of genocides against the Tutsis. Everything suggests that his
opposition to the government will lead to the blocking of his career[2].
On August 4, 1993, the signing of the Arusha Accords should, in
principle, put an end to the conflict. In reality, it will only be a few
months of calm before the genocide.
A morbid race against time
On April 6, 1994, the Rwandan president's plane was shot down, killing
him instantly, as well as the Burundian president and the ten other
people on board.
If the numerous investigations into this attack have never definitively
established those responsible, the most likely hypothesis remains that
of an assassination orchestrated by members of the MRND and
CDR[3]members of Hutu Power, an extremist movement. pro-Hutu, having
experienced the signing of the Arusha Accords as a betrayal on the part
of President Habyarimana. The attack also serves as a pretext to put
their genocidal plans into practice. Several elements support this
hypothesis, notably the establishment of roadblocks in Kigali even
before the explosion of the plane, or the announcement by Radio des
Milles Collines in the preceding days: "a little thing is planned. This
little thing will continue in the following days...".
From the night of the attack, massacres began. They will last 3 months.
An interim government is put in place, made up of extremists committed
to Hutu Power. The massacres are committed by militias and the army,
often with the support of civilians, following orders methodically
transmitted. The killings were also accompanied by Radio des Milles
Collines which encouraged the massacres and guided them in real time,
transmitting information on the hiding places of the Tutsi. At the same
time, the FPR launched an offensive from the north of the country. For
the genocidaires, it is a morbid race against time: to exterminate as
many Tutsi as possible before the capture of Kigali by the RPF, which
will occur on July 17. On that date, the genocide left more than a
million dead, the vast majority of them Tutsi, as well as thousands of
moderate Hutu.
Overwhelming responsibilities of France
From 1994, France's role was obvious: it was in particular at the
French embassy in Kigali that meetings of Hutu extremists were held
leading to the establishment of the interim government which would
direct the genocide. He was immediately recognized by France, which even
received the new Minister of Foreign Affairs a few weeks later, while
the massacres were underway. The French government also continued to
deliver weapons to the Rwandan state during the genocide.
Thirty years later, despite France's withholding of information which
continues to block access to military archives over the period [4],
numerous investigations have made it possible to further clarify these
responsibilities [5].
On June 22, 1994, France launched Operation Turquoise, with the stated
objective of protecting "threatened populations" in a "safe humanitarian
zone", a mission order which made no mention of the genocide. It is now
established that many of those responsible for the massacres fled Rwanda
towards Zaire (the current Democratic Republic of Congo, or DRC) through
the area controlled by the French army[6]. Over the years it has also
become clear that the French army allowed numerous atrocities to take
place, notably the massacre of Bisesero [7], see that it militarily
supported the FAR against the RPF according to the testimony of soldiers
French who took part in Operation Turquoise [8]. Even today, France
serves as a refuge for Hutu genocidaires[9].
In the DRC, the echoes of the genocide
The genocide had many consequences in the following decades. In Rwanda,
Paul Kagame, former commander within the RPF, is gradually becoming the
strong man of the country, over which he has presided uninterruptedly
since 2000. He exercises autocratic power there, and NGOs such as
Amnesty International have pointed out his exploitation of laws on
genocide to muzzle opposition[10].
The consequences were also felt in Rwanda's neighboring countries. After
the genocide, more than two million Hutus fled Rwanda to Zaire, where
they began to organize and continued to persecute Tutsi communities. The
new Rwandan government will then begin to arm the Zairian Tutsis. In 96,
the Rwandan government supported the Alliance of Democratic Forces for
the Liberation of Congo (AFDL) during the First Congo War, which led to
the fall of dictator Mobutu.
The country becomes the Democratic Republic of Congo, and will be the
scene of uninterrupted wars and clashes for thirty years, particularly
in the east of the country and the North Kivu region. These conflicts
have caused more than six million deaths since 1998 and caused immense
humanitarian disasters.
In recent years, one of the main actors in these conflicts is the March
23 movement, or M23, created with the support of Paul Kagame's
government which continues to support it[11]despite numerous accusations
of massacres and rapes[12]. and recruitment of child soldiers[13]. . The
M23 is mainly made up of Tutsis, and is particularly opposed to the FDLR
[14], an armed group made up of Rwandan Hutu refugees in the DRC[15].
Western imperialism, fuel of post-colonial wars
But the echoes of the genocide are far from being the only reason for
conflicts in the region: they are mainly structured around its immense
mineral wealth, its soils containing large reserves of gold, diamonds,
tin, copper, tungsten and cobalt. Above all, the Kivu region contains 60
to 80% of the world's reserves of Coltan, an ore from which tantalum is
extracted, a very important metal in the manufacture of electronic
devices. These resources are extracted in mines that are more than 70%
privatized, exploited directly or indirectly by large European groups
(notably Glencore and ENRC) and by China.
There is no doubt that maintaining a base in such a strategic region
weighed heavily in the choices made by the various successive French
governments. Alternately supporting President Juvénal Habyarimana, then
the genocidal interim government, France is today trying to normalize
its relations with the government of Paul Kagame: paying lip service to
France's responsibilities in the genocide during a visit in Kigali in
2021, Macron refuses to publicly recognize Rwanda's involvement in the
conflicts in North Kivu. Thirty years after the genocide, imperialism
remains the only compass of the State.
N. Bartosek (UCL Alsace)
Chronology
15th century foundation of the kingdom of Rwanda.
1923 following the First World War, the League of Nations gave Belgium a
mandate to administer Ruanda-Urundi. She will put in place the
ethnicization of Hutus and Tutsis.
November 1, 1959 - September 25, 1961 Rwandan revolution or Hutu
revolution: abolition of the monarchy and establishment of a republic
led by Parmehutu, a pro-Hutu party. The "Red All Saints' Day" in
November 1959 pushed 336,000 Tutsis into exile in neighboring countries
following the massacres.
July 1, 1962 proclamation of the independence of Rwanda.
July 5, 1973 coup d'état by pro-Hutu General Juvénal Habyarimana in a
context of persecution of Tutsis.
1975 signature of military cooperation with France.
October 1, 1990 - August 4, 1993 Rwandan civil war following the
invasion of the north of the country by the RPF from Uganda. Numerous
massacres of Tutsis.
August 4, 1993 signing of the Arusha Accords, ending the war.
April 6, 1994 death of Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana after a
missile downed his plane.
April 7, 1994 assassination of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana, a
moderate Hutu, by the presidential guard; beginning of the systematic
massacre of Tutsis by Hutu militias first in Kigali then in the rest of
the country.
June 22, 1994 launch of Operation Turquoise by France, aimed at
establishing a humanitarian zone in the southwest of the country. The
massacres of Tutsis continue in the area controlled by France, which
lets thousands of genocidaires flee to Zaire.
July 4, 1994 takeover of the capital Kigali by the RPF.
July 17, 1994 the FPR proclaims the end of the war. In a hundred days, a
million people were killed, the vast majority from the Tutsi minority.
More than a million Rwandans who collaborated in the genocide fled to Zaire.
To validate
[1]For more details on the history of the colonization of Rwanda and the
genocide, see the trilogy of articles published by Alternative
libertaire for the ten years of the genocide: "1994, the Rwandan
Genocide", Alternative libertaire, April to June 2004.
[2]"He alerted to the genocide of the Tutsis and was sanctioned: Colonel
Galinié testifies", Mediapart, April 1, 2021.
[3]Coalition for the Defense of the Republic, openly racist and pro-Hutu
Rwandan political party.
[4]"Military archives on Rwanda: despite the promises, the locks have
not been broken", Mediapart, December 19, 2021.
[5]To explore the subject of France's involvement in more depth, we
recommend the excellent file "France complicit in the genocide of the
Tutsis in Rwanda" produced by the Survie association.
[6]"Rwanda: a document proves France's order to let the genocidaires
escape", Mediapart, February 14, 2021.
[7]"Genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda: the investigation into the
Bisesero massacre is relaunched", Mediapart, July 12, 2022.
[8]Guillaume Ancel, "Rwanda, the end of silence", Les Belles Lettres, 2018.
[9]"Rwanda: "Hutu Power" has survived in France", Mediapart, May 18, 2021.
[10]"It is safer to remain silent. The frightening consequences of
Rwanda's laws on "genocidal ideology" and "sectarianism"", Amnesty
International report published in 2010.
[11]"War in the DRC: the UN highlights Rwanda's involvement", Mediapart,
January 19, 2023.
[12]"Human Right Watch accuses M23 rebels of "murders and rapes" in the
DRC", Libération, June 13, 2023.
[13]"Child soldiers in North Kivu, DRC: "For me, it's work. We were
short of money."», Libération, March 18, 2024.
[14]Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda.
[15]On the subject, we recommend the documentary "DRC: M23, the endless
war", produced by Arte
https://www.unioncommunistelibertaire.org/?Genocide-des-Tutsis-au-Rwanda-30-ans-apres-l-ombre-du-genocide
_________________________________________
A - I N F O S N E W S S E R V I C E
By, For, and About Anarchists
Send news reports to A-infos-en mailing list
A-infos-en@ainfos.ca
Geen opmerkingen:
Een reactie posten