* Posted workers
* National preference* Representation of minorities on television
* France and unemployment benefits
We remember the controversies at the beginning of this millennium
surrounding posted workers, the famous "Polish plumber" at the time.
Europe had claimed to resolve this problem through various regulations:
the principle of "equal pay for equal work" was adopted in 2018, and a
European labor authority was created. It must be said that postings
within the EU concerned more than 2 million employees in 2019 (more than
230,000 in France) compared to less than 500,000 in 2004. A survey was
recently conducted.
It is in the construction sector that the use of posted workers in
France is the most intense, generally small teams, mainly workers from
Eastern Europe, paid between 1.2 and 1.5 times the minimum wage. In
industry, they are more likely to be technicians or supervisors, this
time from Western Europe. Agricultural workers are more likely to come
from the Maghreb and Latin America (many work in Spain), and there are
more women. Around one in five posted agricultural workers is a female
worker. They are the most likely to be overexploited. They are often
hired through Spanish temporary employment agencies. Finally, there is
intra-group mobility within multinationals, which mainly concerns
executives.
The 2018 directive came into force in French law in 2020. It has had
very little effect. The duration of posted work contracts has decreased
slightly, but only for the longest contracts. When it comes to equal pay
for equal work, skilled workers are much more equal than others.
Source: Pierre Edouard Weil, "European elections: posted work absent
from debates but present in the daily lives of the French", The
Conversation, June 6, 2024.
In France, well before the RN came to power, more than 5 million jobs,
or one in five jobs, were officially prohibited for non-European
foreigners. Most of these (4.1 million) are positions in the public or
parapublic sector. Of course, they are still employed, but as contract
workers. Only two civil service bodies are open to all foreigners:
hospital doctors and university lecturer-researchers, or 140,000 jobs.
But more than a million private sector jobs are also difficult to access
for foreigners. There are already many liberal professions, particularly
medical and legal, for which a French diploma is required. But also many
specific professions. For example, foreigners have been able to run a
bar since 2017, but not a tobacco shop. And there is a whole list like that.
Source: "5 million jobs closed to non-European foreigners", Observatoire
des inégalités, March 14, 2024.
In 2022, people perceived as "non-white" represented 15% of those seen
on television, and "white" people, 85%, according to a study by Arcom.
However, the proportion of "non-white" people in French society is
estimated at around 27%. The place occupied by the people we see on
television and the way they are presented influence our representations
of roles in society. The place of non-white people has hardly changed
since 2014, still around 15%. People perceived as non-white represent
20% of those with a negative role and only 10% of those with a positive
role. These figures must be used with great caution since the data is
particularly difficult to establish, in particular the boundary between
"white" and "non-white" is very blurred. Despite everything, these data
shed light on the gaps that persist between French society and the image
given of it on television.
Source: "15% of people perceived as non-white on television",
Observatoire des inégalités.
In France, only 46% of registered unemployed people receive benefits,
and the latter (category A) received EUR1,093 net per month on average
in 2022, the poverty rate of the unemployed is five times higher than
that of employees. And this before the new unemployment reform that was
promised to us by the late majority. Let us remember that our system is
an unemployment insurance system, that is to say that it was invented to
guarantee that the loss of income is low.
It is difficult to compare countries with each other, because many
criteria come into play: the conditions for being able to receive
benefits, the duration of payment of benefits, the existence of
additional aid, etc. It is therefore not enough to compare the benefits
paid per unemployed person. In nine European countries (Germany,
Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, the United
Kingdom, Sweden), those who receive benefits receive on average from 12%
of their former salary (United Kingdom) to 78.5% (Denmark). In France,
it is 46.4%, in 5th place.
It must be taken into account that a significant proportion of job
seekers eligible for benefits receive nothing or only a residual part of
their compensation... because they work. In France, approximately 50% of
those eligible for benefits work alongside their job search. Less than
half of job seekers receive benefits in France (and this does not take
into account the lack of compensation for non-registered workers, even
though they represent one in five unemployed people). Indeed, you have
to have paid contributions for a certain amount of time continuously to
receive compensation, and the duration of compensation also depends on
this contribution time. And it is of course on the side of discontinuous
employment that unemployment is highest. Here again, if we take the
eligibility criteria for compensation into account, France is rather in
the middle. But it should be noted that we are the country that makes
the most use of very short contracts, which therefore exclude the
possibility of receiving benefits. So, ultimately, unemployment is quite
poorly covered. However, more than half of people experience
unemployment at least once in their career. Furthermore, France spends
very little to help the unemployed (support for returning to work,
funding training, etc.): 0.84% of GDP.
Remember that UNEDIC (the organization that funds unemployment
insurance) is in surplus...
Source: Baptiste Françon and Jean Marie Pillon, "With its unemployed,
France is not more generous than its neighbors", The Conversation, May
14, 2024.
https://oclibertaire.lautre.net/spip.php?article4237
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